Effects of marine protected areas on fish communities in a hotspot of climate change and invasion

The positive ecological effect of fully protected Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) on fish populations has been widely explored. Key indicators MPAs effectiveness include an increase in biomass, density, and body size commercially exploited large fishes. Fully are also hypothesized to be more resilient both marine invasions ocean warming, but this seldom tested. eastern Mediterranean (Levantine) basin is the warmest region Mediterranean. Moreover, front-line biological invasion from Red Sea via Suez Canal. Thus, faced with high numbers exotic species warm temperatures. Assessing performance important for understanding their under adverse future conditions worldwide. four along Levantine Israeli coast was followed over five years compared adjacent fished control area. Sampling conducted old (>20 enforcement) young MPAs, which only recently became protected. Using SCUBA diving surveys, 978 visual transects were performed assess abundance, size, diversity. We found clear indications benefits as evident by higher fishes groupers within areas. In largest oldest MPA we total commercial biomass. addition, show a number time, outside that may associated increased fishing regulation enforcement. no evidence lower MPAs. Our findings suggest restrictions recreational benefit recovery even waters when invasions, after few protection.